What a Hypothesis Is and How to Formulate One

A hypothesis is a prediction of what will be found at the outcome of a research project  and is typically focused on the relationship between two different variables studied in the research. It is usually based on both theoretical expectations about how things work and already existing scientific evidence. Within social science, a hypothesis can take two forms. It can predict that there is no relationship between two variables, in which case it is a null hypothesis. Or, it can predict the existence of a relationship between variables, which is known as an alternative hypothesis. In either case, the variable that is thought to either affect or not affect the outcome is known as the independent variable, and the variable that is thought to either be affected or not is the dependent variable. Researchers seek to determine whether or not their hypothesis, or hypotheses if they have more than one, will prove true. Sometimes they do, and sometimes they do not. Either way, the research is considered successful if one can conclude whether or not a hypothesis is true.   Null Hypothesis A researcher has a null hypothesis when she or he believes, based on theory and existing scientific evidence, that there will not be a relationship between two variables. For example, when examining what factors influence a persons highest level of education within the U.S., a researcher might expect that place of birth, number of siblings, and religion would not have an impact on the level of education. This would mean the researcher has stated three null hypotheses. Alternative Hypothesis Taking the same example, a researcher might expect that the economic class and educational attainment of ones parents, and the race of the person in question are likely to have an effect on ones educational attainment. Existing evidence and social theories that recognize the connections between wealth and cultural resources, and how race affects access to rights and resources in the U.S., would suggest that both economic class and educational attainment of the ones parents would have a positive effect on educational attainment. In this case, economic class and educational attainment of ones parents are independent variables, and ones educational attainment is the dependent variable—it is hypothesized to be dependent on the other two. Conversely, an informed researcher would expect that being a race other than white in the U.S. is likely to have a negative impact on a persons educational attainment. This would be characterized as a negative relationship, wherein being a person of color has a negative effect on ones educational attainment. In reality, this hypothesis proves true, with the exception of Asian Americans, who go to college at a higher rate than whites do. However, Blacks and Hispanics and Latinos are far less likely than whites and Asian Americans to go to college. Formulating a Hypothesis Formulating a hypothesis can take place at the very beginning of a research project, or after a bit of research has already been done. Sometimes a researcher knows right from the start which variables she is interested in studying, and she may already have a hunch about their relationships. Other times, a researcher may have an interest in ​a  particular topic, trend, or phenomenon, but he may not know enough about it to identify variables or formulate a hypothesis. Whenever a hypothesis is formulated, the most important thing is to be precise about what ones variables are, what the nature of the relationship between them might be, and how one can go about conducting a study of them. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D

Schools Science Program Case Study Example

Essays on Schools Science Program Case Study The paper "School’s Science Program" is a worthy example of a case study on education. Apart from a few sub-problems identified in the case study, the main problem is deterioration performance in the school’s science program. This deterioration is a result of two factors, inadequate learning materials for the science program and failure of science teachers in the school to major in science. However, in a problem-solving process both teachers and students need to get involved (Wetherill, 14). The Chief school administrator and all principals around the district need also to be contacted in order to acquire solutions to the problems outlined in the school’s science program.   Over the past five years, the school’s science program has experienced a shortage of learning materials resulting in deterioration of student performance. Those doing the science program are observed to perform poorly in their examinations and therefore, becoming difficult for them to end up into better universities or colleges. Another observation is that there has been a decrease in the number of students joining the advanced science classes due to poor teaching practices. Many of the science teachers are not skilled enough because they have not majored in science, meaning science is their second teaching field. (Wetherill 21).However, in order to come up with better solutions, we need to look at a number of issues. Students and teachers should be involved in the problem-solving process where students should be motivated and shown the purpose of performing well in the science program. Those teachers that get an opportunity in the school should have the required skills in the science program. The Chief school administrator and the surrounding Principals in the district need to be consulted as well, in order to help influence the board of education in offering instructional budget. Instructional budget can, therefore, be used to raise learning materials required in the science program as well as other reading programs in the entire school. In addition, a part of the potential positive consequences of the instructional budget in providing learning materials in the school, the negative consequences are that many academic departments tend to fill jealousy about matters of the budget hence misusing it (Wetherill 32).In conclusion, a number of issues highlighted in the case study are clearly revealed in the paper. It reveals the problems encountered by the school’s science program and how a problem-solving process sets in to tackle these problems. However, the outcome is that the school’s science program gets improved in terms of learning materi als and calls for better performance for the entire students.

Bms Project Flow Free Essays

Flow of the project †¢ Title Page †¢ Declaration †¢ Certificate †¢ Acknowledgement †¢ Executive Summary †¢ Index with Page numbers o Introduction ? Objective of the study ? Sources of data and methodology o Primary data collected (Body-main text) o Summary of findings and conclusion o Appendix (Pie diagram, tables†¦) o Bibliography o Annexure ? 1. 1 Sample Questionnaire/Interview ? 1. 2 Letter from corporate Note †¢ TWO Black HARD Bound copies to be printed with digital gold embossing on the top †¢ No borders †¢ Minimum 60 pages †¢ Font type: Times New Roman †¢ Font size: o Heading: 14 o Body: 12 †¢ Margin: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Bms Project Flow or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5 (Left side), 1 (other sides) Line Spacing: 1. 5 †¢ Alignment: Justify (Cntrl +J) †¢ Paper size: A4 †¢ Print Layout: Portrait only A PROJECT REPORT ON SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF BACHELORS OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES L. S RAHEJA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND COMMERCE UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13 SUMITED BY: PROJECT GUIDE: DECLARATION This is to certify that the project report entitled ‘†_________† is submitted by me in partial fulfillment of the requirement of Bachelors of Management Studies in the academic year 2012-2013. The information it comprises of is true and original as per my research and observation. ___________________ Signature of the student () CERTIFICATE This is to certify that ________ has completed the project under the guidance of Prof______ in the academic year 2012-2013 and has submitted the same to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Bachelors of Management Studies course. ______________________ Signature of the Principal (Dr. Ms. M. B. Madlani) ______________________ Signature of the Project Guide (Prof. ) ______________________ Signature of the External Examiner ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this project report. I am deeply indebted to my guide Prof. , whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in my research in order to prepare this report. I am thankful to my course coordinators, Prof. Kruti Shah and Prof. Juhi Sapra, of Bachelors of Management Studies department for all their help, support, interest and valuable insights. I also want to thank ___________. , for all his assistance on the topic and for sharing his expertise in order to make my project do justice to the learning’s of the topic. ———————– NO page numbers, NO headers and footers How to cite Bms Project Flow, Essay examples